Terrorism And Globalization

Fear based oppression And Globalization Characterizing fear based oppression The fear based oppressor wonder has a long and changed history, punctuated by exuberant discussions over the importance of the term. The term itself has consistently been a troublesome one to characterize. This is incompletely in light of the fact that the term has advanced throughout the years and partially in light of the fact that it is related with a movement that is intended to be emotional. As a rule, the objectives of the fear mongers are not the casualties who are executed or harmed in the assault. The psychological militants plan to cause a response, for example, dread, shock, terrorizing, eruption, or radicalization. Psychological warfare is planned to involve observation and is therefore observed distinctively by various spectators. The issue of characterizing fear based oppression has impeded investigation since the commencement of investigations of psychological warfare in the mid 1970s. One lot of issues is because of the way that the idea of fear based oppression is profoundly challenged. The utilization of the term is regularly polemical and explanatory. Regardless of whether the term is utilized dispassionately as an expository instrument, it is as yet hard to show up at an agreeable definition that recognizes psychological oppression from other fierce marvels. As a rule, fear mongering is purposeful and orderly savagery performed by little quantities of individuals, though common brutality is unconstrained, inconsistent, and requires mass investment. The reason for psychological oppression is to scare a viewing well known crowd by hurting just a couple, while decimation is the end of whole networks. Psychological warfare is intended to hurt. Fear mongering is overwhelmingly political and emblematic, where as guerrilla fighting is a military action. Abusive fear from above is the activity of people with great influence, while psychological oppression is protection from power. However by and by, occasions can't generally be unequivocally arranged. A couple of speculations can be made about fear based oppression that separates it from the states utilization of power. To begin with, fear based oppression consistently has a political nature. It requires the event of over the top demonstrations that will prompt political change. Second, it is the nonstate character of fear based oppression that separates it from the numerous different employments of brutality that are characteristically political, for example, war among states-in any event, when psychological oppressors get military, political, financial, and different methods for help from state sources. States clearly utilize power for political closures: When state power is utilized globally, it is viewed as a demonstration of war; when it is utilized locally, it is called different things, including law requirement, state fear, mistreatment, or common war. In spite of the fact that states can threaten, they are not characterized as fear mongers. Third, it is commonly the blameless that become the objective of psychological warfare. This additionally recognizes it from state. In some random model, the last could conceivably be viewed as legitimized however this utilization of power is not quite the same as fear mongering. At last, state utilization of power is dependent upon global standards and shows that might be conjured or if nothing else counseled. Psychological oppressors, then again, don't keep global laws or standards. Actually, so as to expand the mental impact of an assault, the fear based oppressor exercises have an intentionally capricious quality. Along these lines, as a rule, psychological oppression can be said to have the accompanying attributes: an on a very basic level political nature, the unexpected component (utilization of viciousness against apparently arbitrary targets), and the focusing of the guiltless by nonstate entertainers. Indeed, even inside the details of these general attributes, the act of psychological oppression is exceptionally various. The theoretical class of fear based oppression includes a wide assortment of wonders, extending from kidnappings of people (so as to compel governments to consent to explicit political requests) to aimless mass-setback bombings of prominent representative targets. Psychological oppression happens in broadly unique social settings. Sources Fear based oppression is as old as mankind's history. Present day fear mongering, be that as it may, is commonly considered to have begun with the French Revolution. The term dread was first utilized in 1795, when it was authored to allude to an approach fundamentally used to ensure the French republic government against traditionalists. Current psychological warfare is a powerful idea, from the start ward somewhat on the political and verifiable setting inside which it has been utilized. Albeit singular psychological oppressor bunches have one of a kind qualities and emerge in explicit nearby settings, an assessment of expansive chronicled designs uncovers that the universal framework inside which such gatherings are conceived impacts their inclination and inspirations. A distinctive component of current psychological warfare has been the association between political or ideological ideas and expanding levels of fear based oppressor action globally. The wide political point has been against (1) realms, (2) pioneer forces, and (3) the U.S.- drove universal framework set apart by globalization. In this manner it is imperative to comprehend the general history of present day fear based oppression and where the current danger is inside a global setting. David Rapoport has depicted current fear mongering as a major aspect of a strictly enlivened fourth wave. This wave, as per him, follows three prior verifiable stages in which fear mongering rose corresponding to the separation of domains, decolonization, and radical enemy of Westernism. Rapoport contends that psychological oppression happens in back to back if fairly covering waves. The contention here, in any case, is that cutting edge fear based oppression has been a force battle along different scales: focal force versus neighborhood power, large force versus little force, present day power versus conventional force. The key variable is a far reaching view of chance, joined with a move in a specific political or ideological worldview. In this way, despite the fact that the most up to date universal psychological oppressor danger, exuding to a great extent from Muslim nations, has a greater amount of strict motivation, it is progressively exact to consider it to be a piece of a bi gger wonder of hostile to globalization and pressure between the have and have-not countries, just as between the first class and oppressed inside those countries. In the nineteenth century, the rise of ideas, for example, widespread testimonial and famous strengthening raised the expectations of individuals all through the western world, by implication bringing about the primary period of present day psychological warfare. In Russia, for instance, it was invigorated not by state restraint yet by the endeavors of the autocrats to pacify requests for financial and political changes, and the unavoidable frustration of mainstream desires that were raised subsequently. The objective of psychological militants was to take part in assaults on representative focuses to get the consideration of the ordinary citizens and in this way incite a well known reaction that would at last topple the predominant political request. This sort of present day fear mongering was reflected in the exercises of gatherings, for example, the Russian Narodnaya Volya (Peoples Will) and later in the improvement of a progression of developments in the United States and Europe, particularly in domains of the previous Ottoman Empire. The disintegration of realms and the quest for another conveyance of political force gave a chance to psychological oppression in the nineteenth and twentieth century. It peaked in the death of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28, 1914, an occasion that catalyzed the significant forces into making savage move. World War I, the aftereffect of the death can be said to have finished the main period of present day psychological warfare. However, fear based oppression attached to well known developments looking for more noteworthy popularity based portrayal and political force from coercive realms had not stopped. For instance, the Balkans, after the defeat of the previous territory of Yugoslavia. A second, related period of present day fear based oppression is related with the idea of national self-assurance. It very well may be said to have built up its most prominent prevalence after World War I. It likewise proceeds to the current day. These battles for power are another aspect of fear based oppression against bigger political powers and are explicitly intended to win political freedom or independence. Psychological warfare accomplished a global character during the 1970s and 1980s, developing to some extent because of innovative advances and incompletely in response to the emotional blast of worldwide media impact. Universal connections were not new, however their centrality was. Individual, dispersed national causes started to form into global associations with connections and exercises progressively across fringes and among contrasting causes. The 1970s and 1980s spoke to the tallness of state-supported psychological oppression. In some cases the most minimized shared variable among the gatherings was the idea against which they were responding for instance, Western colonialism as opposed to the particular objectives they looked for. The most significant advancement, notwithstanding, was the expanding shared trait of global associations among the gatherings. After the 1972 Munich Olympics slaughter of eleven Israeli competitors, for instance, the Palestinian Liberation Organizat ion (PLO) and its related gatherings caught the minds of youthful radicals around the globe. AN EARLIER WAVE OF TERRORISM While globalization is for some, a causal variable producing kickback and obstruction, there likewise have been before floods of globalization. On the off chance that fear mongering and globalization show up together today, it is conceivable that psychological oppression and globalization co-showed up during a prior period that ran from the 1880s to 1914. Related with the possibility of publicity by deed, Russian, Italian, Spanish, French, American, Serbian, and Macedonian psychological militants were associated with a time of death and bomb tossing from the Russian and Ottoman Empires toward the east through the Austrian Empire and Western Europe to the United States in the west. In Serbia, there was the Black Hand; in Russia, Narodnaya Volya, or Peoples Will; among Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs, the Young Bosnians and the Narodna Obrana, or the Peoples Defense. Fear based oppressors from one nation additionally murdered individuals from another. Whil

Safety Training Program Development Assignment Case Study

Security Training Program Development Assignment - Case Study Example Likewise, it rotates around execution and cautious preparing to guarantee that objectives of an association are viably reached. Along these lines each period of the preparation produces results that are helpful in the following stage. Preparing remains as the most ideal path forward for experts given that they regularly commit errors while never acknowledging it. By essentially recognizing them, one can start to improve execution expediently, without issues and without bringing about misfortunes on any new preparing programs. The students for this situation are the learners where case any character who is required to go into a limited space or a grant required kept space must need to get this kind of preparing before they may pick up induction to the territory. The results of this course incorporate understanding the dangers of restricted spaces, learning the obligations and obligations of the limited space passage members accomplish commonality with barometrical testing hardware and passageway gear and become proficient on security measures for protection of kept space sections The learning requirements that exist in the preparation program incorporate the requirement for getting a license. For this situation, if laborers are not to enter and work in license spaces, bosses must take viable activities to maintain a strategic distance from them from entering these spaces. On the off chance that laborers are relied upon to enter license spaces, the business must create in print a grant space program and make it possible by representatives or their administrative body. To make it simpler for the students, the method of conveyance includes bringing the preparation offices near the learners. This makes it feasible for students to secure the abilities at the entryway step. When the preparation program has recognized assets and achievements, you can structure a course of events. For the most part, its an insightful plan to work in reverse, since it ought to be known when the undertaking is expected. Next, alterations are made

Buy PowerPoint Presentations - 3 Things to Remember When You Are Buying PowerPoint Presentations

Buy PowerPoint Presentations - 3 Things to Remember When You Are Buying PowerPoint PresentationsYou have heard how important it is to create powerful presentations but you may be wondering what to do when you are new to this and when you want to buy PowerPoint presentations. As a result, here are some tips that can help you when it comes to buying your first presentation.First, think about what you want to report on. If you are reporting on a subject that has some data in it, then you will want to make sure that the data is easy to see and that you can interact with it as well. People can turn their heads if they cannot easily see what is going on and they can also get lost in a slide that only gives them one or two colors to look at. Make sure that the colors are rich and bright so that you can easily read your data.Using illustrations is also a great way to make the most of your presentation. A really good illustration can make you stand out from all the other professionals and eve n give you a chance to impress a client. Using illustrations is a good way to make sure that your presentation is easy to read and also makes your data easier to follow.Do not make your presentation too long. Not only does this make it hard for your audience to view, but it also causes people to lose interest quickly. Keep your presentation concise and easy to follow. This is something that you will have to work on over time as your audience gets used to your presentation and you can begin to pick up their attention span.The best presentation is one that is well thought out and well organized. There is nothing that will make your audience want to leave a presentation sooner than when it is poorly organized and does not convey what the information is that you are trying to communicate.Take your time to ensure that you know what kind of presentation you want to use and try to make sure that it matches what you want to do. Think about your audience and make sure that you are able to ma ke your presentation appealing to them. People are drawn to simplicity and they are also drawn to an inspiring presentation.Lastly, think about who you are presenting to and try to match the presentation to them. Make sure that your presentation is something that everyone can relate to and can easily follow. People will enjoy your presentation if it is something that they can easily connect with.As you can see, these are some important things to remember when you want to buy your own PowerPoint presentations. Always think about what it is that you want to say and what kind of presentation you want to present to your audience.

Essay Working in Teams - 999 Words

Team Members’ Roles Working in teams can be a very effective way to accomplish a large project with less effort on each individual person in the team. The use of teamwork is beneficial because it brings different people together along with their different thought processes, which can bring many different ideas to the table. â€Å"A structurally diverse work group is one in which the members, by virtue of their different organizational affiliations, roles, or positions, can expose the group to unique sources of knowledge.† (Cummings, 2004) By having different types of people working together, they all contribute in their own unique way to the team. Many different things can contribute to team performance and success. By figuring out what†¦show more content†¦One conflict can be people in the group disagreeing on what should be done and how it should get done. Even if everyone else in the group does not care either way, then the group as a whole will suffer because of the two individuals that cannot agree. The best way for this problem to be resolved is for everyone to get involved and to decide on the best course of action. Whether they want to use one person’s idea or another and how they will achieve that idea or task. Another problem that may face affect teamwork is a lack of communication. When one ore more people within the team refuse to, or have the lack or responsibility to communicate with others, then the team will suffer because that persons’ part may not be complete or up to standard. This is why proper planning ahead of time and having the groups due dates set ahead of time to make some cushion room for any drawbacks. There is usually the feeling for some to be secluded and keep to them selves as well. 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Essay on Ancient Greece - 1711 Words

Ancient Greece GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION The Ancient Greek civilization was located on today’s Greek land, Ionian Islands, Asia Minor, South Italy, and Sicily. It is surrounded by mountains and in the north by water. The Ionian and the Aegean seas, together with natural islands and bays, gave the Greeks the opportunety to develop their maritime commerce and their rich culture. The mountains, which surrounded Greece, gave us the picture of its political character. From early times, the Greeks lived in independet settlements, and they were isolated from one another. Later, this settelments grew up into â€Å"poles† or city-states. The Mediteranien Sea moderates Greeks climate  ­ cooling air in summer and warmth in winter period. Summers†¦show more content†¦3. THE EARLY ARCHAIC PERIOD (700-600 BC) Durin the Early Archaic period, the concept of polis became very developed. The Greeks continued with colonialization. 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The Problem Of Knowledge An Internal State Or An...

Knowledge can exists as either an internal state or an external reality. It is classified as information, skill and facts which are acquired through various experiences and allow us to have a theoretical understanding of something, however, it can also be an awareness gained by an experience. Producing knowledge implies to come up with new undiscovered knowledge, which can either be personal or shared knowledge. Problems are a situation or matter regarded as unwelcome or harmful and needing to be dealt with and overcome. Problems can be defined as short term or long term, universality or specific, naturally occurring or human created, therefore solutions could also either by immediate or long term. The apparent solution might possibly even†¦show more content†¦This method, which is now known as inoculation, was observed by doctors in England, around the 18th century and was therefore adopted in England and France as new knowledge to prevent the spread of the disease to some of the population was discovered. While these methods were found to cause some serious and often life-threatening smallpox infection, in 1796, an English doctor, named Edward Jenner established a much safer approach to immunising people against smallpox. He inoculated healthy people with fluid containing the cowpox virus which was a much less dangerous disease and he found that by doing so, they were more likely to be protected against the infection. He also found that this immunity could be passed from one person to another genetically. This process is what we know call vaccinations, where a killed microbe is injected into the body to stimulate the immune system. This example demonstrates how we can use science and observations of the world to produce knowledge in order to solve problems. A counterclaim for looking at a structured scientific method to produce knowledge is to look at how ‘accidental’ discoveries produce knowledge through luck and chance which solves problems that it was not intended for. An example of how knowledge can be produced through serendipity is the invention of the post-it notes. Dr Spencer Silver was working at 3M, attempting to develop a super strongShow MoreRelatedThe Key Internal And External Factors That Affect The Performance Of A Company1684 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstanding of the key internal and external factors that are affecting the performance of a company towards innovation are essential to identify the weaknesses or algid points that the organisation must consider and potentiate to be more competitive and innovative. 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Unemployment In Australia Government Policies

Question: Discuss about theUnemployment In Australia for Government Policies. Answer: Introduction The paper aims to explain clearly unemployment condition in Australia. It dwells on the unemployment trend among different category of citizens. It looks at various types of unemployment; issues related to unemployment, Government policies concerning unemployment and unemployment status in various states (Virtue 2014). The paper aims to show the causes and analyze the existing trend in Australian labor market. Australia has been experiencing unemployment growth for a quite extended period. It has been a menace in Australian economic status that hinders the need to enhance the growth of sectors that can sustain the continuous population increase with the higher number of youths targeting employment opportunities. Since the beginning of 21st century, the country has encountered difficult situations on how to curtail unemployment. An increasing number of individual in the country without job opportunities has been felt. Among the unemployed are youths who represent a larger percentage o f the category of unemployed. Since, 2008 after a Global Financial Crisis, the country experiences an estimated 12% of youths unemployed with a composition of age bracket of 15 to 24 years. In comparison to adult unemployment, two-third of unemployed represent youths while adults are only represented by one-third of the unemployed population. Children are more exposed to this risk due to structural and seasonal factors dictated by labor market conditions in the country. Economic status of the country is still unstable since the happening of GFC, a factor which relates positively to unemployment. Youths suffer most due to lack of skills and experiences required by companies in the market. Therefore, their employability is negatively derailed. The majority of children are forced to look for either part-time or casual jobs because a bracket of teenagers is still in learning institutions, a fact that restrict their flexibility toward work hours. Unemployment Trend in Australia Australia being part of global economy, it is not eliminated from the circle of countries that suffer from unemployment crisis. GFC caused a lot of economic challenges to the socioeconomic status of the global market, a situation that boosted labor market failure among other adverse effects. Globally, more than 75 million youths are looking for jobs, though, 60% of them have a probability that they may get opportunities. However, the remaining 40% are directly unemployed. In a nutshell, the majority of the youths suffer more worldwide in the labor market compared to adults, a fact that is right with Australia. According to Australian Bureau of Statistics, the country has experienced various economic status; boom and recession that affect the financial performance of the countys economy on a radical concept. In 2000 to 2001, the country was hit by a crisis that short-lived for two years, a crisis that left many youthful categories with no expectation of job opportunities. The recent c risis that has hit Australia is the GFC in 2008 which has interfered with monetary and fiscal measures that a country can use to achieve the stability of the economy. Unemployment Among Youths in Australia Youth unemployment in the country is defined as the number of kids within the age bracket of 15-24 years who are ready and looking for a job but cannot find. According to International Labor Organization, an unemployed person is an individual who has not worked for at least an hour for the past one week and does not have a possibility of working shortly. These are people who are without work though available to work and deliberately looking for jobs. Youth unemployment in the country has increased from 13.19% to 13.24 in July this year. This is a statistics that is overpowered by only youth unemployment condition in 1978 and 1992 which were at 13.48% and 20.22 respectively. In 2008, the country experienced a low rate of unemployment among teenagers at 7.61%. Unemployment among the youths is not equally distributed, with men affected more compared to women. There is a high possibility of a young man failing to secure a job compared to a young lady. The resulted unemployment situation in Australia among youths is a disaster that requires intervention, however, through unstable economic structures the country is not in a position to overturn the case. The trend clearly shows how the country is in a mess, and if economic fluctuations are experienced again, the country will be in a desperate moment to Carter for its youthful population. Types of Unemployment in Australia The country suffers from three main types of unemployment; Cyclical Unemployment This is a kind of unemployment that happens when the level of countrys national spending and the production ability is weak. This typically happens in recessions and depressions. Such unemployment does not survive when recessions or depressions end. Usually, it ends when the boom periods starts. It is facilitated by low spending rate in the country thus lowering the sales on goods and services. Following the GFC that happened in 2008, the country suffered a recession period (Estevo, S and Petrongolo 2008). This interfered with the countrys spending capacity on property and services thus slowed the rate of economic growth and the GDP. Consequently, the slow economic growth has a direct relationship with the employment opportunity in the economy. A fall in the level of economic growth lowers the job opportunities hence unemployment scenario is approached. All the adverse effects are accompanied by shrinking of job vacancies, the decline in hours of work and period of unemployment incre ases. The global recession and recent GFC which still have an effect on Australia economy, slow down the job creation strategies. Cyclical unemployment contributes to almost 5% of unemployment in Australia. Moreover, the demand side of the market become weak due to the following conditions; Pessimistic nature of consumers. Consumers are attentive during recession periods about their future incomes and employment status. Therefore, they intend to save instead of spending on goods and services. Such a decision that has hindered the spending strength of the country. Reduced business confidence level. When companies are depressed about the sales and profit in future, they decide to stop or lower the standard of investment spending on new business entities thus weakening economic growth. Reduction in household income. Economic recessions reduce families income, a situation that lowers spending possibility. This is elaborated by a downturn in 2008 that has effect in the country to date. Recession experienced by principal trading partners. Major trading partners of Australia have been in slowdown and recession, a fact that affects the countrys economy negatively by reducing their level of spending on the countys productions. This has been happening with countries like Japan, United States, and Britain. High rates of interest. Higher rates of interest on credit discourage borrowing that is used and consumption and investment purposes. Increased taxation on government spending. Practices encouraging high taxes on the government spending have been at the core center to reduce the capability of expenditure of the country. They deter the possibility of the state to spend regarding the costs involved. Failure by the government to pay slows the economic growth. Natural Unemployment This is a type of unemployment that exists even in healthy economic conditions. In the country, before 2008, there was a disappearance of cyclical unemployment though the economy still has undergone unemployment rate of 5%. From the name, it typically exists in economy regardless of the challenges created by recessions or depressions in either country of the global market. Natural type unemployment happens due to changes in supply-side of the market. Reduction in supply affects firms and organizations organization, production, the level of profit and ability to survive in the market. Also, it hinders companys willingness to employ more labor force. Australia level of unemployment is at the highest compared to recent years, with 13.24% youths unemployed. This is a worse rate considering the degree of birth rate in the country that makes it a youthful population. Failure to employ labor force as demonstrated by natural unemployment will only worsen the situation. Structural Unemployment It happens due to changes in the production of goods and services. It contributes primarily to the rate of unemployment in Australia. A substantial structural change in the production sector has been taking the course. This is due to technological and high competition level in the global market from economic powers who produces manufactured goods and services. Furthermore, the changes create alteration on the consumption patterns due to the effect on the real level of income. The following are the changes that cause structural unemployment; Lack of profits and business closure. Economic challenges may subject a company to reduced profitability. This may be necessitated by high costs of production, high taxation rate and high-interest rates by financial institutions. Thereby doing the business to be bankrupt hence closure. This happened in 2014 when companies like Shell Refinery, Alcoa, and other businesses announced about future openings due to closure. Technological change and mismatch of skills. Restructuring of technology to adapt to new technology embraced by the global market has created unemployment level to rise. Use of computers, online shopping, and online marketing are some of the new changes that make labor force less necessary. Computers are operated with people with skills; however, they take responsibilities that would have performed by many people. Mismatch of competencies among youths and another category of people in the labor market is too contributing negatively. The majority of job seekers lack skills required in positions advertised, and firms are not ready to get them trained. This behavior hinders the possibility of landing a job thus forcing unemployed to remain for a long-term period without jobs. Globalization effect. The spread of multinational trade in the countries has enhanced the high rate of competition in the market. Companies that are suffering from the recession are therefore not destined to compete in such competitive-harsh market. Relocation of industries. Some industries have relocated from Australian to countries with real economic power. The employed category remains unemployed, and those expected to acquire job by such company remains jobless with no known period of getting the opportunity. Unemployment in Various States in Australia Australia is a country with different environmental conditions; thus the rate of unemployment in different states differs. The prices in states such as North South Wales, Western Australia, Tasmania, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, and Victoria varies. Tasmania leads with the high unemployment rate at 22.2%, with youth unemployment of 10.1% (de Vries 2014). It suffers most from the GFC and other activities that affect the economic growth of Australia. Youth unemployment is too elaborate compared to other states in the country. South Australia follows with a general of 21.8% unemployment rate. However, it has 15.4% youth unemployment rate. It was the highest jobless youth rate in 2008, currently second after Tasmania. The state of Tasmania suffers from a high incidence of heterogeneity which runs from 12.6% to 19.1% in Barossa region (Carvalho 2015). Western Australia comes third with 21.3% unemployment rate. It has a youth jobless capacity of 10%. The State is performing on yo uthful category even though; it was at 5.6 % of unemployed young men. Through the past periods, it has experienced a fading in the mining boom which has contributed to its rating. Queensland comes fourth after Western Australia with 21.2% of the unemployed population. Regarding youths, it had 13. 95 of unemployed young people. Though reduced, it still above the natural level of unemployment. In 2008, the State had 7.0% of unemployed youths, however; currently, it has 12.5%. Victoria follows Queensland with 20.5%. It had 14.9% of jobless youths compared to 2008 statistics of 9.45 (O'Callaghan 2015). The major areas in Victoria affected by unemployment are Melbourne, Geelong, and Hume. New South Wales' rate of unemployment is 20.0%. In 2008, it had a youth jobless rate of 10.0% and 12.8% in 2015. The remaining states such as Northern Territory, and Australia Capital Territory have an unemployment rate of 18.5%, and 18.6% respectively. This is as per August 2016. These are the states that have a low level of unemployment opportunities in Australia. Issues and Government Policies of Australia Australia as a country that suffers from unemployment has various matters related to its problems. These problems contribute positively and negatively towards its strategic plans aimed at reducing poverty to a natural level. The Scarring Effects of Unemployment in Australia These are long term adverse effects contributed by lack of employment in the country. The majority of unemployed people suffer from various problems initiated by jobless status. Apart from short-term challenges, there are long-term problems. Unreliable income is a constituent of scarring effect among youths (Ghayad and Dickens 2012). Lack of employment creates uncertainty on when to get income. It promotes frustrates among the jobless category to the extent of not knowing what relevant to participate in for the source of revenue. The effects are long lived in individuals even to their adulthood; it creates a static state dependence. Lack of job today among the youths in Australia increases the possibility of being jobless in the future. This is illustrated by scholars that early unemployment at a young age affects even future job opportunity as well as earnings to a period of 10 years (Bell and Blanchflower 2015). The probability of being jobless in future if one is currently unemployed is three times the chance of not getting a job today. Such ideologies create mayhem among the youth who are willing and able yet they cant secure opportunities. If whatever the scholar's posit is correct, then the majority of Australian children will have difficulty getting a job in future. A possibility that will make many dependent on their undefined means of income (Morsy 2012). Unemployment effect poses with it a signal of poverty. If a young population sense a signal of poverty, there exist social exclusion which is detrimental to the growth and integration of economy. They feel alienated and lack health securities. Financial handicap causes poor demographic composition in the society. Therefore, if unemployment effects are not tackled, there is a higher chanc4s of Australia being an underdeveloped country. Studies illustrate the large effect of killing a dream of youths by denying those jobs (Henkel 2015). The mindset knows very well the capability of this group of people, through employment, every citizen is assured of life satisfaction. Failure to offer jobs will lead to mental health problems. More often, after failing to attain a job, many involves in drug abuse among other terrible and dangerous practices with adverse effects on health. Another side effect of unemployment contributing to mental deterioration is a lack of work experience and skills (C ockx and Picchio 2013). Lack of work experiences hinders chances of getting jobs thus increases long-term unemployment period accompanied with a hangover for jobs. Policies by Australian Government The Australian government has been trying various strategies to improve unemployment conditions in the country. In 1994, the state came up with policies that change the provision of income in passive form to active form. The active form assures for re-employment among employees. It incorporated training of employees, making receipts of unemployment benefits and job creation. This policy aimed to streamline the labor sector to make employees well equipped with both skills and experience (Carvalho 2015). The program too activated for active market programs to help to solve term unemployment issues. By 1997 after the implementation of labor marketing programs, the country decided to privatize its public employment sector entirely. This program helps in solving job matching challenges, talent search through and training on managerial roles. The new programs then helped the government to reduce spending on the labor market. The programs for both employer and employee required unemployed t o work for six months part-time with no payments. Providing experiences to the unemployed group were mean. Through free part-time commitments, employees were trained on how they can help the community in community servicing without expecting payee. Current Policies Used in Australia The labor department decided to change the above-discussed policies in 2009, where a new unit known as Job Service Australia was formed. Job Service Australia aimed at providing incentives to jobs of vocational category and involves training for longer periods. Through, the program much jobless have been enticed by the incentives to join the vocational training whereby in process unemployment can gain experiences and skills. The Australian government has been using the program though not much efficient, the costs of controlling unemployment opportunities are reduced (Knotek II and Terry 2009). In collaboration with Common Wealth, the country has appointed relevant employment coordinators as an initiative to deal with unemployment in prioritized locations of the country. Conclusion The study has confirmed levels of unemployment in Australia with possible causes. The significant contribution is unstable economic conditions not able to support financial requirements by both youthful and adult population who lacks skills and knowledge due to prolonged unemployment menace (Number 2013). The level of jobless among youths is in a sad state with the majority falling within 20-24 years of age. To curb the problem the country should work towards restructuring economic that can accommodate both skilled and unskilled job seekers. Policy recommendations should be looked at to identify the loopholes and mechanisms to curb unemployment. Among the concern to prolonged unemployment situations, is to have a small payment basis as an entry to the job market after which the acquired experiences and skills can elevate one to the dream salary. Primary entry can help prevent social challenges due to psychological torture injected on those unemployed citizens (Carcillo and Knigs 2015 ). The research has shown that mismatch of skills does contribute to the unemployment in the country. The county should come up with clear guidelines on the building of connections young population to adequately adjust to the requirement through learning and vocational programs. Numerical and literacy test are the ingredients of improving their labor demand; therefore, the government ought to contribute to investment in such programs. References Bell, D.N. and Blanchflower, D.G., 2015. Youth unemployment in Greece: measuring the challenge. IZA Journal of European Labor Studies, 4(1), pp.1-25. Carcillo, S. and Knigs, S., 2015. NEET Youth in the Aftermath of the Crisis: Challenges and Policies. Available at SSRN 2573655. Carvalho, P., 2015. Budget 2015: plucking the foreign flock may backfire. ABC News , pp. 1-4. Carvalho, P., 2015. Why migrants may be our greatest economic asset. ABC News , pp. 1-4. Carvalho, P., 2015. Youth unemployment in Australia. Policy: A Journal of Public Policy and Ideas, 31(4), p.36. Cockx, B. and Picchio, M., 2013. Scarring effects of remaining unemployed for longà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ term unemployed schoolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ leavers. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), 176(4), pp.951-980. de Vries, R., 2014. Earning by degrees. Su on trust report, The Su on Trust. Estevo, M., S, F. and Petrongolo, B., 2008. The 35-Hour Workweek in France: Straightjacket or Welfare Improvement?[with Discussion]. Economic Policy, pp.417-463. Ghayad, R. and Dickens, W.T., 2012. What can we learn by disaggregating the unemployment-vacancy relationship?. FRB of Boston Public Policy Brief, (12-3). Henkel, D., 2015. Unemployment and substance use: a review of the literature (1990-2010). Current drug abuse reviews, 4(1), pp.4-27. Knotek II, E.S. and Terry, S., 2009. How will unemployment fare following the recession?. Economic Review-Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, 94(3), p.7. Morsy, H., March 2012,. Scarred Generation. International Monetary Fund , Vol. 49, No. 1(Finance Development), pp. 1-6. Number, C., 2013 . 6102.0.55.001 - Labour Statistics: Concepts, Sources and Methods, 2013. Australian Bereau of Statistics , pp. 1-4. O'Callaghan, D., 2015. Backpackers turn back on Australia after federal budget changes increase working holiday taxation. ABC Rural , pp. 1-3. Virtue, R., 2014. The summer pilgrimage of fruit picking backpackers. ABC Central West NSW, pp. 1-2.

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A Line Of Promises Essays - Rings, Fingers, Marriage, Ring Theory

A Line Of Promises Essays - Rings, Fingers, Marriage, Ring Theory A Line Of Promises A Line of Promises Many times simple objects in peoples lives can come to represent a part of themselves. The object can become an integral part of a persons identity. In Wedding-Ring by Denise Levertov, the relationship between a woman and her old wedding ring is explored as a way to intertwine the womans life with the rings meaning. Through the ring, the woman identifies herself. The wedding ring is wishfully transformed from a complex symbol of promises to a simple gift of friendship. In the opening of Wedding-Ring, Levertov sets the tone of the poem, by exemplifying the interaction between the speakers feelings and the wedding ring. My wedding ring lies in a basket / as if at the bottom of a well (1,2). The first two lines of the poem paints a picture of a lonely woman trying to depart with the last memory of her marriage, her wedding ring. The comparison between the basket and the bottom of the well accentuates the low point in the womans ending marriage. Having compared the shallow basket to the deep well, the poet implies to the reader that the speaker is feeling sorrow, and therefore her surroundings may also seem sad and empty. This displays the relationship of how the wedding ring and her feelings are connected. This image of the wedding rings location is further described as Levertov writes, It lies / among keys to abandoned houses / nails waiting to be needed and hammered (5,6,7). Not only does the ring lie in the bottom of a well, it is along with other long forgotten objects. The use of abandoned houses brings images of loneliness and emptiness. The speaker also uses violent nouns and verbs such as nails and hammered to describe the setting of her ring. Nails alone are just mere objects, but nails that are hammered and are forced to be used to hold things together hold a much higher value. Like the womans wedding ring, its true value is not seen until it is put on a finger. In reality the ring is not in a well with these objects but her connection with the ring is bringing out emotions that are creating these images. It is often easy to overlook the speakers intentions in the poem, but upon closer examination line breaks following the word lies can help emphasize the word. In this case, lies can be interpreted by multiple denotations. The obvious way to denote lies is to continuously read through to the next line, and use the context of the poem to define the word. But the enjambment creates the possibility of lies defined as ill truth. A wedding ring is a symbol of a promise, and for it to hold ill-truth means the ring can no longer be called a wedding ring. It is now a mere piece of jewelry, which the woman attempts to forget. . The speaker has given much thought to remove the ring out of her life but each reason she gives justifies a reason for her not to. In the poem she writes, It cant be given away / for fear of bringing ill-luck. / It cant be sold for the marriage was good on its own (11-13). The repetition of I cant sets a series of limitations around the woman. No matter what she tries to do, the wedding ring will always be a part of her. The line break after the word own gives the notion of belonging. It gives thought that she is one entity and the ring also has its own life. However, she is unable to escape the ring because she is fearful she will be violating its memory. The rings memory is also a part of her own memory. The reason the woman is drawing lines around herself with these restrictions is because the ring possesses some sort of power over her. The superstitious woman, on the other hand believes it can bring bad luck to whoever holds the ring after she has already worn it. The phrase for fear of bringing ill-luck suggests that the woman is afraid that since her marriage ended, any new owners of the ring will have the

Is assured participation in the political decision-making process for Essay

Is assured participation in the political decision-making process for ethnic groups in conflict (power-sharing) likely to help prevent ethnic violence or merely entrench inter-ethnic tensions - Essay Example , who are responsible for making decisions, how the other players in the field make their voices heard and determine how to account for what is rendered. The big question in this paper is whether assured participation in political decision- making process helps to prevent ethnic conflicts or not. Governing a divided society in the line of religion and ethnicity is a difficult process that requires patience and community participation in the decision-making processes. The people in society should participate in political decision making to contribute to the choice of their leaders, economy, and other important crucial matters that affect their country. Encouraging community participation could also be a challenge especially where the leaders governing the states are hated by specific ethic groups because of their tribes or religion because they could aim at opposing the government in most of the decisions made just to prove that they do not support the leaders. There are conflicts in various countries around the globe because of governance based on ethnicity and religion that have made the citizens divided and confused since they are at the middle of the tensions where they are killed and tortured because of the decisions made by their governments. The scope of this paper is to discuss if assured participation in political decision-making processes for ethnic groups in conflict is likely to help prevent ethnic violence or merely entrench inter-ethnic tensions in the various societies using normative arguments that are theory-based. Sahni and Medury (2003) confirmed that involvement of the community members in political decision-making processes is a necessary and desired part to ensure the development of activities in the society. Participation in political decision-making enables the government to tie various programs to the citizens, which could make the people live in peace and harmony or lead to ethnic crisis. Allowing the citizens to participate in political

Role of Positive Discrimination in the Workplace with Regard to the Essay

Role of Positive Discrimination in the Workplace with Regard to the Minorities - Essay Example This essay declares that employers have realised the value of diversity in relation to the workforce, thus using recruitment and selection tools that help draw culturally diverse employees into an organisation. Positive discrimination was used in the past as a selection tool to ensure that minorities received the opportunity of representing their group at the workplace. This meant that candidates from minority groups were eligible for jobs before the others regardless of their qualifications and skills. This paper stresses that positive discrimination is a term used in the United Kingdom to refer to a group of measures employed by governments, corporations, institutions whether private of public, such as schools, and companies in an effort to address discrimination affecting the entire system. Positive discrimination is anticipated to facilitate the role played by minority groups to development and reduce inequalities thereby ameliorating development indicators. It is crucial for the nation to design and implement proper measures that will help in curbing inequality and the United Kingdom has continued to make necessary changes to Positive discrimination in an effort to make them as accommodative as possible. Positive discrimination is the name used to describe affirmative action in the United Kingdom. In the United Kingdom, positive discrimination in reference to employment refers to policies and measures laid down to curb employment discrimination barriers for women and individual s from minority groups. ... Positive discrimination is anticipated to facilitate the role played by minority groups to development and reduce inequalities thereby ameliorating development indicators. It is crucial for the nation to design and implement proper measures that will help in curbing inequality and the United Kingdom has continued to make necessary changes to Positive discrimination in an effort to make them as accommodative as possible (Noon, 2010:728). Positive discrimination is the name used to describe affirmative action in the United Kingdom. Affirmative action was introduced in the United States by President John F. Kennedy as Executive Order 10925 and was signed on 6 March 1961. It was introduced to eliminate or reduce discrimination of African Americans in the workplaces, schools, colleges and residential areas. It all began with President Kennedy when he issued an executive order in 1961. In 1964 the Civil Rights Act was introduced and it made provisions that prohibited discrimination and ens ured that all Americans had equal employment opportunities regardless of religion, race, colour or cultural background. In September 1965, President Johnson issued Executive Order 11246 that required all government employers to adopt particular rules while employing workers and to disregard the religion, race, national origin or colour of the candidates. In 1967, affirmative action was amended to admit gender too. (Tsikata, 2009:12). In the United Kingdom, positive discrimination in reference to employment refers to policies and measures laid down to curb employment discrimination barriers for women and individuals from minority groups. Positive discrimination is supposed to raise

Edward taylor and Metaphor Essay Example for Free

Edward taylor and Metaphor Essay The Beauty of Metaphor A Metaphor is defined as a grammatical device that â€Å"compares two different ideas by speaking of one in terms of the other. It asserts that one thing is another thing.† One of the best poets at using the metaphor is Edward Taylor, an intellectual New English Puritan. In his â€Å"Meditation One,† Taylor compares â€Å"God’s Matchless Love† to water, saying that it fills â€Å"Heaven to the Brim!† Then, in his â€Å"The Reflection,† Taylor says â€Å"Earth† was once a â€Å"Paradise of Heaven. † In both instances, Edward Taylor calls one thing something to help emphasize the message he is trying to portray, but ultimately, his metaphor in â€Å"Meditation One† is more effective as it reflects a greater idea. Edward Taylor’s use of metaphor in â€Å"Meditation One† and â€Å"The Reflection† shows how he used metaphors to compare an important topic in his poem to something more relatable, but his metaphor in â€Å"Meditation One† is more effective as it portrays a greater message. Edward Taylor’s use of Metaphor in â€Å"Meditation One† helps portray his message of Gods never ending love for us. In Line 7, Edward Taylor starts the sentence of by saying â€Å"Oh, Matchless Love!filling Heaven to the Brim!† Taylor compares the incomparable love of God to water, as he says it will fill heaven â€Å"to the brim.† By using the verb â€Å"filling,† the reader automatically thinks of something more relatable to his knowledge, water in context to a drink. When one pours water in, the water fills the cup. Ultimately, through his diction choice and use of metaphor, Taylor considers God’s love to be something that fills humanities’ needs. Since it can fill â€Å"Heaven,† it can fill our souls with a never ending joy. This is why Edward Taylor’s use of metaphor is so effective, it ulaitmely leads to a bigger, more important conclusion that can be easily derived through his relatable examples. This metaphor, in comparison to the one in â€Å"The Reflection†, is more effective as it plays a vital role in the establishment of a major theme in the poem. Edward Taylor’s use of metaphor in â€Å"The Reflection† helps portray his message that Earth was once a heavenly place until it was corrupted with sin. In Line 19, Edward Taylor starts the sentence off by saying â€Å"Earth once  was Paradise of Heaven Below.† 1Divine life, living and dead, whatever the case may be, existed on Earth at one period of time, until the corruptness of sin took over the Godly world. In this metaphor, Edward Taylor says that Earth once â€Å"was† a Paradise of Heaven Below, or, in other words, that Earth was once a Heavenly place. In this case, Taylor’s metaphor is much more simple, he calls one thing something else. The metaphor’s main puropose in this case is to call earth, in a past time, a Godly place, until the sinful nature of Adam and Eve led to the abolishment of Earth’s divineness Due to its simplistic nature, and the message that it emphasizes, this metaphor is not as effective as the previous me taphor. In conclusion, Edward Taylor uses metaphor to perfection.2 To think brillianty and to write brilliantly are two completely different things, and Edward Taylor does both. In both cases, Edward Taylor uses metaphor to call one thing something else. In â€Å"Meditation One,† He calls God’s love water, and in â€Å"The Reflection,† calls Earth a once Divine place. Ultimately, in â€Å"Meditation One,† his use of Metaphor is more effective because it conveys a more important message of God’s undeniable love for us.

Community Service Project Reflection Essay -- Volunteer Work, Service

The thought of community service was a bore to me before I began my volunteer work. I dreaded starting my community service although I knew I had to do it. Where I earned my hours did not even matter to me. I just wanted to get it over with. To my surprise it was not what I expected. Community service was not a painful experience; it was a very enjoyable and beneficial experience. I performed my community service with Habitat for Humanity. The non†profit organization chooses the applicant that purchases the house and Habitat only charges them the cost of the materials. Almost every worker is a volunteer so Habitat for Humanity does not have to pay a high amount of wages. I felt good about myself being one of those volunteers. The future owner of the house had to work on it too. They are...

Social Organizations in Turkey

This paper examines that social organizations in Turkey. The efforts of civil initiatives emerged. against to increasing and diversifying problems of World such as war, conflict, natural disasters, famine, drought, environmental problems, infectious diseases, educational issues,When the goverment institutions cannot provide basic sevices , civil society organizations engaged in. In modern Turkey women rights start with revolutions of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk outlawed polygamy and abolished Islamic courts in favour of secular institutions. After that in 2001 Turkish Civil Code changed.This change provides women equal rights with men in terms of marriage, divorce and property ownership. In addition , Penal Code provides female sexuality for the first time as a matter of individual rights, rather than family honour. Nowadays Tutkey has so many organizations which protects women right and women’s shelter foundations. On the other hand its hard to say that most of them reach their goals. Most of this organizations locate in urban area,however there are a few organizations in rural area. In Turkey women who live in rural area are need more protection orf their rights.In addtion most of women cannot join these organizations because of their family or husband. In Turkey ,sivil society organizations have great importance because of the goverment cannot its duty. I choose foundation for the Support of Women’s Work (FSWW),its a reformist,revisionist and expressive social organization. In addition FSWW is against to group conflict in Turkey. I heard this organization from a friend of my mother. I went their Office in Beyoglu,and interview with a kind woman who Works there as a volunteer general secretary.The first aim of FSWW is that recognizes basic women’s knowledge and effort in fighting poverty and contruction of their lifes ,and right to set up and solutions to their own concerns. Secondly,respects local woman values and avoids isolate themselves from their society. Thirdly,women are equal to men and it should be consideres as liet hat all over the society. Finally,they think that women’s equal participation in political and economic can only be achieved at the community or local level , is cooperation between local authorites and other stakeholders in society.When I ask her ‘why you choose this organization’ she answered – ‘Acording to me this is the right place to defend the women rights and proviede jobs for women to gain them into the society and giving women economical freedom. ’ According to informaton that I learn from she FSWW aims to help to women to determine their individual and collective priories, develop and implement joint solutions,develope their capacity and strenghten communication between them. In addition it supports training ,credit ,cnsulting and marketing in order to increase women’s participation in conomic procesess.These are some pro grams of FSWW ; Early Child Care and Education Programs FSWW develop alternative ways in expanding early child care and education services to low-income communities, through the leadership and advocacy role of grassroots women. With an educational approach bringing the children, families, educators and the community together, women cooperatively manage high quality early childcare and education programs. This program is internationally awarded and accredited by Vanderbilt University(USA). [1] Business Development SupportTraining and monitoring support to enable women to develop business ideas by analyzing the existing local economic and market opportunities and their own skills, and new products with market potential are developed and women’s skills are improved accordingly. [2] Saving Groups Hundreds of women are organized in saving groups of 10-15 members where they bring their own savings and create their own funds to borrow for their financial needs. [3] NAHIL Shop: FSWW established a shop at the ground floor of its building in Istanbul, where various kinds of products (handmade accessories, decorations etc. produced by women from all around Turkey are sold as well as second hand clothes. The women’s products are also marketed through internet on the shop’s web site and other e-commerce sites. FSWW also created a regular second hand bazaar under the same name, with local branches run by women initiatives, the profit of which goes to local early child care and education initiatives. [4] ? On the other ,In Turkey so many women cannot join these programs because of their husband or family pressure. According to she ,their first aim to help these women who cannot join these programs because of society pressure.It is very easy to being a member of FSWW. After the registration ,members can be aware of the meeting by the telephone and mail. So many women find out this organization by word out mouth and by the internet site. Group conflict and gender is one of the most important issues of Turkish Society. So many women treated as second-class citizens. Social organizations such as FSWW try to change this idea. In addition goverment is not succesfull in terms of defending women rights. The law system is dominated by men because of that decisions are always protects men firstly.

Embryonic Stem Cells Is Immoral - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3034 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/09/24 Category Advertising Essay Type Narrative essay Tags: Development Essay Did you like this example? Therapeutic Cloning to Obtain Embryonic Stem Cells Is Immoral The point is to cause each of us to think deeply about whether there is any essential difference between the reality of [World War II] Nazi experiments and therapeutic cloning. In this two-part viewpoint, David A. Prentice and William Saunders discuss the science and the ethics of therapeutic cloning. In the first part, Prentice argues that creating clones for the purpose of embryonic stem cell research, called therapeutic cloning, is no different from reproductive cloning, which creates a living human child. Also, he points out, therapeutic cloning is not therapeutic for the embryo. In the second part of the viewpoint, Saunders builds on Prentices argument and goes even further. He argues that therapeutic cloning is really no different than the horrific experiments performed by the Nazis during World War II. Saunders notes that supporters of embryonic stem cell research contend that the research is beneficial to humankind; however, Saunders argues, the Nazis used this same reasoning to justify research on the mentally ill, the disabled, and the feeble-minded. Prentice and Saunders are senior fellows at the Family Research Council, a conservative Christian think tank and lobbying organization. As you read, consider the following questions: 1. Why does Prentice claim that therapeutic cloning will lead to reproductive cloning? 2. What was the point of the Nuremberg Code, according to Saunders? 3. Why does Saunders say that therapeutic cloning violates the Nuremberg Code? Part I Cloning always starts with an embryo. The most common technique proposed for human cloning is called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). This cloning is accomplished by transferring the nucleus from a human somatic (body) cell into an egg cell which has had its chromosomes removed or inactivated. SCNT produces a human embryo who is virtually genetically identical to an existing or previously existing human be ing. Proponents of human cloning hold out two hopes for its use: (1) the creation of children for infertile couples (so-called reproductive cloning), and (2) the development of medical miracles to cure diseases by harvesting embryonic stem cells from the cloned embryos of patients (euphemistically termed therapeutic cloning). All Human Cloning Produces a Human Being All human cloning is reproductive. It creates—reproduces—a new, developing human intended to be virtually identical to the cloned subject. Both reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning use exactly the same technique to create the clone, and the cloned embryos are indistinguishable. The process, as well as the product, is identical. The clone is created as a new, single-cell embryo and grown in the laboratory for a few days. Then it is either implanted in the womb of a surrogate mother (reproductive cloning) or destroyed to harvest its embryonic stem cells for experiments (therapeutic cloning). It is the same embryo, used for different purposes. In fact, the cloned embryo at that stage of development cannot be distinguished under the microscope from an embryo created by fertilization joining egg and sperm. Trying to call a cloned embryo something other than an embryo is not accurate or scientific. Biologically and genetically speaking, what is created is a human being; its species is Homo sapiens. It is neither fish nor fowl, neither monkey nor cow—it is human. Created in Order to Be Destroyed Therapeutic cloning is obviously not therapeutic for the embryo. The new human is specifically created in order to be destroyed as a source of tissue [, as Robert P. Lanza and colleagues report in a 2000 JAMA article]: [Therapeutic cloning] requires the deliberate creation and disaggregation of a human embryo. Most cloned embryos do not even survive one week, to the blastocyst stage, when they are destroyed in the process of harvesting their cells. Experiments with lab animals s how that even these early embryos have abnormalities in genetic expression. Beyond the abnormalities caused by the cloning procedure, embryonic stem cells from cloned embryos will still face problems for their use, including the tendency to form tumors, and significant difficulties in getting the cells to form the correct tissue and function normally. Therapeutic Cloning Leads to Reproductive Cloning Because there is no difference in the nuclear transfer technique or the cloned embryo, allowing therapeutic cloning experimentation to proceed will inevitably lead to reproductive cloning. The technique can be practiced and huge numbers of cloned embryos produced. In fact, the lead scientist of the South Korean team that first cloned human embryos in February 2004 in a press conference on their experiments that the cloning technique developed in their laboratory cannot be separated from reproductive cloning. His statement affirms what others have pointed out before: allowing the rapeutic cloning simply prepares the way for reproductive cloning. Human cloning is unsafe and unnecessary. There are no valid or compelling grounds—scientific or medical—to proceed. A comprehensive ban on human cloning is the only sufficient answer. Part II As Dr. Prentice has shown, cloning indisputably destroys innocent human life. This basic truth should lead the world to reject human cloning. However, in an effort to extricate human cloning from this ethical vise grip, its supporters attempt to draw a distinction between human life, which begins at conception, and human personhood, which begins only at their say-so. Unfortunately, the arbitrary denial of personhood to human beings has a long and cruel history. The Nuremberg Code, formulated in the years after World War II, is particularly instructive with regard to the current debate on human cloning. For instance, when the principal author of the report on human cloning issued by the National Academy of Sci ences testified before the Presidents Council on Bioethics, he stated that reproductive cloning would violate the Nuremberg Code: The Nuremberg Code, with which I am in full agreement, outlines those kinds of things you would not simply [do] for the sake of knowledge that involve human subjects. The Nuremberg Code The Nuremberg Code is a body of ethical norms enunciated by the Nuremberg Tribunal, which, after World War II, had the responsibility of judging the actions of the Nazis and their allies. The point of the code was to restate and apply the established ethical norms of the civilized world. Nazis Deemed Some Life Unworthy Nazi laws had defined Jews and other undesirables as non-persons. Eventually, between six and nine million of these undesirables were sent to extermination camps and killed. However, before the killing in the camps began, the Nazis had engaged in an extensive campaign of euthanasia against the mentally and physically handicapped, which not only foreshado wed but also prepared the way for the extermination camps. In his book The Nazi Doctors, Robert Jay Lifton draws our attention to a book titled The Permission to Destroy Life Unworthy of Life, written during the campaign. Lifton writes: [It was] published in 1920 and written jointly by two German professors: the jurist Karl Binding and Alfred Hoche, professor of psychiatry at the University of Freiburg. Carefully argued in the numbered-paragraph form of the traditional philosophical treatise, the book included as unworthy life not only the incurably ill but large segments of the mentally ill, the feeble-minded, and retarded and deformed children. T]he authors professionalized and medicalized the entire concept; destroying life unworthy of life was purely a healing treatment and a healing work. The Nazis were determined to cleanse the genetic pool to produce better Aryans. Nazi officials announced that under the direction of specialists all therapeutic possibilities will be adm inistered according to the latest scientific knowledge. The result of this therapeutic treatment of inferior lives was that eventually a network of some thirty killing areas within existing institutions was set up throughout Germany and in Austria and Poland. In their book, The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code, George Annas and Michael Grodin reveal that: At the same time that forced sterilization and abortion were instituted for individuals of inferior genetic stock, sterilization and abortion for healthy German women were declared illegal and punishable (in some cases by death) as a crime against the German body. As one might imagine, Jews and others deemed racially suspect were exempted from these restrictions. On November 10, 1938, a Luneberg court legalized abortion for Jews. A decree of June 23, 1943, allowed for abortions for Polish workers, but only if they were not judged racially valuable. Later, the Nazis created the extermination camps for the Jews and other inf erior races. In the camps, Nazi doctors engaged in cruel experiments on the Jews, Gypsies, Poles, and others. They exposed them to extreme cold to determine the temperature at which death would occur. They injected them with poisons to see how quickly certain lethal elements moved through the circulatory system. They subjected twins to all manner of disabling and brutal experiments to determine how genetically identical persons reacted to different conditions. Some of the experiments were nonetheless designed to preserve life—not of the subject, but of, for example, German pilots who were forced to parachute into freezing ocean waters. Everyone agrees the Nuremberg Code prohibits reproductive cloning. What relevance does it have for therapeutic cloning? If human embryos are human beings, then therapeutic cloning, which creates an embryo only to destroy it in the process of exploiting its stem cells, violates a cardinal principle of the Nuremberg Code: There is to be no ex perimentation on a human subject when it is known that death or disabling injury will result. Regardless of the good that might be produced by such experiments, the experiments are of their very nature an immoral use of human beings. Subverting the Meaning of Healing Recall how the Nazis subverted the meaning of healing. Recall how they used the term therapeutic to describe not the helping of suffering people, but the killing of them. Recall that the Nazis eliminated those unworthy of life in order to improve the genetic stock of Germany. Recall how the Nazis undertook lethal experiments on concentration camp inmates in order, in some cases, to find ways to preserve the lives of others. The point is not to suggest that those who support therapeutic cloning are, in any sense, Nazis. Rather, the point is to cause each of us to think deeply about whether there is any essential difference between the reality of those Nazi experiments and therapeutic cloning. As we have shown, eac h case involves a living human being, and that human being is killed in the aim of a perceived higher good. Cloning proponents try to distinguish between the two cases by saying that the cloned human being has no potential. But in each case, it is the actions of other human beings that rob the first of potential (in the first case, the actions of Nazi executioners; in the second, the laboratory technicians). In either case, the human subject is full of potential simply by being a living human being. Of course, almost miraculously, many of the inmates of the camps did survive when the allies rescued them. Equally miraculously, frozen embryos have been implanted in a womans womb and brought to live (and healthy) birth. As we have shown, every embryo is not merely potentially a life, but [is an] actual life, a human being from the first moment of existence. Furthermore, any living human embryo has the inherent potential to develop into a healthy baby. It is disingenuous for supporte rs of cloning to claim the cloned human embryo is only potential life because they plan to mandate by law that it be destroyed before it can come to birth. Regardless of its location, the human embryo, by its nature, is full of potential, unless the actions of adult human beings deprive it of the opportunity to realize that potential. Guard Against Inhuman Acts [Russian author] Alexander Solzhenitsyn, a man who chronicled and suffered under another ideology that denied the dignity of each and every human being, observed, Gradually it was disclosed to me that the line separating good and evil passes not through states, nor between classes, nor between political parties either, but right though every human heart, and through all human hearts. This line shifts. Inside us, it oscillates. Solzhenitsyn did not regard the perpetrators of brutal crimes in his own country as inhuman monsters. Rather, he saw the essential truth—they were human beings, engaged in immoral acts. Th ey engaged in those acts by dehumanizing the persons on whom their brutality was inflicted, and they did so in the name of (perhaps in the passionate belief in) a greater good. But Solzhenitsyn reminds us that, unless we are willing to admit that, for the best as well as for the worst of motives, we are also capable of inhuman acts, we will have no guard against committing them. No one is safe from brutality so long as we think that it is only inhuman others who are capable of inhuman acts. Rather, we will be secure when we are willing to look honestly at the objective reality of our acts, while realizing that we, too, are capable of acts that violate the inherent dignity of another, and refuse to engage in such acts despite the good we believe would result from doing otherwise. In the debate over the cloning and destruction of embryonic human beings, this essential truth must be our guide. FURTHER READINGS Books †¢Brian Alexander Rapture: How Biotech Became the New Religion . New York: Basic Books, 2003. Michael Bellomo The Stem Cell Divide: The Facts, the Fiction, and the Fear Driving the Greatest Scientific, Political, and Religious Debate of Our Time. New York: American Management Association, 2006. †¢Laura Black The Stem Cell Debate: The Ethics and Science Behind the Research. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow, 2006. †¢Andrea L. Bonnicksen Crafting a Cloning Policy: From Dolly to Stem Cells. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2002. †¢John Bryant, Linda Baggott la Velle, and John Searle Introduction to Bioethics. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2005. †¢Eileen L. Daniel, ed. Taking Sides: Clashing Views in Health and Society. Dubuque, IA: McGraw-Hill, 2006. †¢Andrew Goliszek In the Name of Science: A History of Secret Programs, Medical Research, and Human Experimentation. New York: St. Martins, 2003. †¢Suzanne Holland, Karen Lebacqz, and Laurie Zoloth The Human Embryonic Stem Cell Debate: Science, Ethics, and Public Policy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001. †¢Judith A. Johnson and Erin D. Williams CRS Report for Congress: Stem Cell Research. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office, 2005. †¢Ann Kiessling Human Embryonic Stem Cells: An Introduction to the Science and Therapeutic Potential. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2003. Helga Kuhse and Peter Singer, eds. Bioethics: An Anthology. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. †¢Robert Lanza et al, eds. Essentials of Stem Cell Biology. Boston: Academic, 2005. †¢Jane Maienschein Whose View of Life? Embryos, Cloning, and Stem Cells. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004. †¢Steven Paul McGiffen Biotechnology: Corporate Power Versus the Public Interest. Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto, 2005. †¢Jeff McMahan The Ethics of Killing: Problems at the Margins of Life. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. †¢Chris Mooney The Republican War on Science. New York: Basic Books, 2005. †¢Jonathan Morris The Ethics of Biotechnology. Ph iladelphia: Chelsea House, 2006. †¢National Research Council and Institute of Medicine Guidelines for Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2005. †¢Joseph Panno Stem Cell Research: Medical Applications and Ethical Controversy. New York: Facts On File, 2005. †¢Ann B. Parson The Proteus Effect: Stem Cells and Their Promise for Medicine. Washington, DC: Joseph Henry, 2004. †¢Presidents Council on Bioethics The Administrations Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Funding Policy: Moral and Political Foundations. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office, 2003. Presidents Council on Bioethics Beyond Therapy: Biotechnology and the Pursuit of Happiness. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office, 2003. †¢Bernard E. Rollin Science and Ethics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. †¢Michael Ruse and Christopher A. Pynes The Stem Cell Controversy: Debating the Issues. Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 2003. †¢Al bert Sasson Medical Biotechnology; Achievements, Prospects and Perceptions. New York: United Nations University Press, 2005. †¢Christopher Thomas Scott Stem Cells Now: From the Experiment That Shook the World to the New Politics of Life. New York: Pi, 2006. †¢George Patrick Smith The Christian Religion and Biotechnology: A Search for Principled Decision-Making. Norwell, MA: Springer, 2005. †¢Wesley Smith Consumers Guide to a Brave New World. San Francisco: Encounter, 2004. †¢Nancy E. Snow, ed. Stem Cell Research: New Frontiers in Science and Ethics. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2004. †¢Jennifer Viegas Stem Cell Research. New York: Rosen, 2003. †¢Brent Waters and Ronald Cole-Turner God and the Embryo: Religious Voices on Stem Cells and Cloning. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2003. Wendy Wagner and Rena Steinzor Rescuing Science from Politics: Regulation and the Distortion of Scientific Research. New York: Cambridge Uni versity Press, 2006. †¢Ian Wilmut and Roger Highfield After Dolly: The Uses and Misuses of Human Cloning. New York: Norton, 2006. Periodicals †¢Susan Kerr Bernal A Massive Snowball of Fraud and Deceit, Journal of Andrology, May/June 2006. †¢Alan Boyle Stem-Cell Pioneer Does a Reality Check, MSNBC. com. , June 22, 2005. www. msnbc. msn. com. †¢Malcom Byrnes and Jose Granados ANT-OAR Fails on All Counts, Science Theology News, July 13, 2006. Joe Carter Hype and Hypocrisy: Kinsley, IVF, and Embryo Destruction, Evangelical Outpost, July 10, 2006. †¢Michael Cook To Clone or Not to Clone, Mercatornet. com, December 6, 2005. www. mercatornet. com. †¢Rebecca Dresser Stem Cell Research, the Bigger Picture, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Spring 2005. †¢Steven J. DuBord Heading for the Island, New American, August 22, 2005. †¢Robert P. George and Patrick Lee Acorns and Embryos, New Atlantis, Fall 2004/Winter 2005. †¢Nicholas Jackson Embryoni c Stem Cell Research: Shades of the Third Reich, Sierra Times, June 27, 2005. Nancy L. Jones The Stem Cell Debate: Are Parthenogenic Human Embryos a Solution? Center for Bioethics and Human Dignity, June 2, 2003. www. cbhd. org. †¢Ann A. Kiessling What Is an Embryo? Connecticut Law Review, vol. 36, 2004. †¢Michael Kinsley False Dilemma on Stem Cells, Washington Post, July 7, 2006. †¢Paul R. McHugh Zygote and Clonote—the Ethical Use of Embryonic Stem Cells, New England Journal of Medicine, July 15, 2004. †¢Liza Mundy Souls on Ice: Americas Embryo Glut and the Wasted Promise of Stem Cell Research, MotherJones, July/August 2006. Jason Scott Robert The Science and Ethics of Making Part Human Animals in Stem Cell Biology, The FASEB Journal, 2006. †¢Wesley J. Smith Pro Life Challenge: Biomedical Ethics, the Radical Depth and Scope of the Cloning Agenda, National Right to Life News, January 2004. Source Citation: David A. Prentice and William Saunders. The rapeutic Cloning to Obtain Embryonic Stem Cells Is Immoral. Opposing Viewpoints: Stem Cells. Ed. Jacqueline Langwith. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2007. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Brisbane City Council Library Service. 19 May. 2010 . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Embryonic Stem Cells Is Immoral" essay for you Create order